实用程序类型
TypeScript 提供了多种实用程序类型来促进常见的类型转换。这些实用程序在全球范围内可用。
Awaited<Type>
发布: 4.5
这种类型旨在对函数await
中的async
操作或 s.then()
上的方法进行建模 - 具体来说,是它们递归解开sPromise
的方式。Promise
例子
type A = Awaited<Promise<string>>; // type A = string
type B = Awaited<Promise<Promise<number>>>; // type B = number
type C = Awaited<boolean | Promise<number>>; // type C = number | boolean
Partial<Type>
发布: 2.1
构造一个类型,并将所有属性Type
设置为可选。该实用程序将返回一个表示给定类型的所有子集的类型。
例子
interface Todo {
title: string;
description: string;
}
function updateTodo(todo: Todo, fieldsToUpdate: Partial<Todo>) {
return {...todo, ...fieldsToUpdate};
}
const todo1 = {
title: "organize desk",
description: "clear clutter",
};
const todo2 = updateTodo(todo1, {
description: "throw out trash",
});
Required<Type>
发布: 2.8
Type
构造一个由设置为 required 的所有属性组成的类型。的相反Partial
。
例子
interface Props {
a?: number;
b?: string;
}
const obj: Props = {a: 5};
const obj2: Required<Props> = {a: 5};
// Property 'b' is missing in type '{ a: number; }' but required in type 'Required<Props>'.
Readonly<Type>
发布: 2.1
构造一个类型,并将所有属性Type
设置为readonly
,这意味着构造类型的属性不能重新分配。
例子
interface Todo {
title: string;
}
const todo: Readonly<Todo> = {
title: "Delete inactive users",
};
todo.title = "Hello"; // Cannot assign to 'title' because it is a read-only property.
该实用程序对于表示在运行时失败的赋值表达式非常有用(即,当尝试重新分配冻结对象的属性时)。
Object.freeze
function freeze<Type>(obj: Type): Readonly<Type>;
Record<Keys, Type>
发布: 2.1
构造一个对象类型,其属性键为Keys
,属性值为Type
。该实用程序可用于将一种类型的属性映射到另一种类型。
例子
interface CatInfo {
age: number;
breed: string;
}
type CatName = "miffy" | "boris" | "mordred";
const cats: Record<CatName, CatInfo> = {
miffy: {age: 10, breed: "Persian"},
boris: {age: 5, breed: "Maine Coon"},
mordred: {age: 16, breed: "British Shorthair"},
};
cats.boris; // const cats: Record<CatName, CatInfo>
Pick<Type, Keys>
发布: 2.1
通过从 中选取属性集Keys
(字符串文字或字符串文字的并集)来构造类型Type
。
例子
interface Todo {
title: string;
description: string;
completed: boolean;
}
type TodoPreview = Pick<Todo, "title" | "completed">;
const todo: TodoPreview = {
title: "Clean room",
completed: false,
};
todo; // const todo: TodoPreview
Omit<Type, Keys>
发布: 3.5
Type
通过从中选取所有属性然后删除Keys
(字符串文字或字符串文字的并集)来构造类型。的相反Pick
。
例子
interface Todo {
title: string;
description: string;
completed: boolean;
createdAt: number;
}
type TodoPreview = Omit<Todo, "description">;
const todo: TodoPreview = {
title: "Clean room",
completed: false,
createdAt: 1615544252770,
};
todo; // const todo: TodoPreview
type TodoInfo = Omit<Todo, "completed" | "createdAt">;
const todoInfo: TodoInfo = {
title: "Pick up kids",
description: "Kindergarten closes at 5pm",
};
todoInfo; // const todoInfo: TodoInfo
Exclude<UnionType, ExcludedMembers>
发布: 2.8
UnionType
通过排除所有可分配给 的联合成员来构造类型ExcludedMembers
。
例子
type T0 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a">; // type T0 = "b" | "c"
type T1 = Exclude<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "b">; // type T1 = "c"
type T2 = Exclude<string | number | (() => void), Function>; // type T2 = string | number
type Shape = {kind: "circle"; radius: number} | {kind: "square"; x: number} | {kind: "triangle"; x: number; y: number};
type T3 = Exclude<Shape, {kind: "circle"}>;
/*
type T3 = {
kind: "square";
x: number;
} | {
kind: "triangle";
x: number;
y: number;
}
*/
Extract<Type, Union>
发布: 2.8
Type
通过从可分配给 的所有联合成员中提取来构造类型Union
。
例子
type T0 = Extract<"a" | "b" | "c", "a" | "f">; // type T0 = "a"
type T1 = Extract<string | number | (() => void), Function>; // type T1 = () => void
type Shape = {kind: "circle"; radius: number} | {kind: "square"; x: number} | {kind: "triangle"; x: number; y: number};
type T2 = Extract<Shape, {kind: "circle"}>;
/*
type T2 = {
kind: "circle";
radius: number;
}
*/
NonNullable<Type>
发布: 2.8
null
通过排除和undefined
from构造类型Type
。
例子
type T0 = NonNullable<string | number | undefined>; // type T0 = string | number
type T1 = NonNullable<string[] | null | undefined>; // type T1 = string[]
Parameters<Type>
发布: 3.1
根据函数类型的参数中使用的类型构造元组类型Type
。
例子
declare function f1(arg: {a: number; b: string}): void;
type T0 = Parameters<() => string>; // type T0 = []
type T1 = Parameters<(s: string) => void>; // type T1 = [s: string]
type T2 = Parameters<<T>(arg: T) => T>; // type T2 = [arg: unknown]
type T3 = Parameters<typeof f1>;
/*
type T3 = [arg: {
a: number;
b: string;
}]
*/
type T4 = Parameters<any>;
type T4 = unknown[];
type T5 = Parameters<never>;
type T5 = never;
type T6 = Parameters<string>;
// Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
type T6 = never;
type T7 = Parameters<Function>;
// Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
// Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'.
type T7 = never;
ConstructorParameters<Type>
发布: 3.1
从构造函数类型的类型构造元组或数组类型。它生成一个包含所有参数类型的元组类型(或者never
如果Type
不是函数则为该类型)。
例子
type T0 = ConstructorParameters<ErrorConstructor>; // type T0 = [message?: string]
type T1 = ConstructorParameters<FunctionConstructor>; // type T1 = string[]
type T2 = ConstructorParameters<RegExpConstructor>; // type T2 = [pattern: string | RegExp, flags?: string]
class C {
constructor(a: number, b: string) {}
}
type T3 = ConstructorParameters<typeof C>; // type T3 = [a: number, b: string]
type T4 = ConstructorParameters<any>; // type T4 = unknown[]
type T5 = ConstructorParameters<Function>;
// Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'.
// Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'.
// type T5 = never
ReturnType<Type>
发布: 2.8
构造一个由 function 的返回类型组成的类型Type
。
例子
declare function f1(): {a: number; b: string};
type T0 = ReturnType<() => string>; // type T0 = string
type T1 = ReturnType<(s: string) => void>; // type T1 = void
type T2 = ReturnType<<T>() => T>; // type T2 = unknown
type T3 = ReturnType<<T extends U, U extends number[]>() => T>; // type T3 = number[]
type T4 = ReturnType<typeof f1>;
/*
type T4 = {
a: number;
b: string;
}
*/
type T5 = ReturnType<any>; // type T5 = any
type T6 = ReturnType<never>; // type T6 = never
type T7 = ReturnType<string>;
// Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
// type T7 = any
type T8 = ReturnType<Function>;
// Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint '(...args: any) => any'.
// Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature '(...args: any): any'.
// type T8 = any
InstanceType<Type>
发布: 2.8
构造一个由 中构造函数的实例类型组成的类型Type
。
例子
class C {
x = 0;
y = 0;
}
type T0 = InstanceType<typeof C>; // type T0 = C
type T1 = InstanceType<any>; // type T1 = any
type T2 = InstanceType<never>; // type T2 = never
type T3 = InstanceType<string>;
// Type 'string' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'.
// type T3 = any
type T4 = InstanceType<Function>;
// Type 'Function' does not satisfy the constraint 'abstract new (...args: any) => any'.
// Type 'Function' provides no match for the signature 'new (...args: any): any'.
// type T4 = any
ThisParameterType<Type>
发布: 3.3
提取函数类型的this参数的类型,如果函数类型没有参数,则提取未知this
。
例子
function toHex(this: Number) {
return this.toString(16);
}
function numberToString(n: ThisParameterType<typeof toHex>) {
return toHex.apply(n);
}
OmitThisParameter<Type>
发布: 3.3
this
从 中删除参数Type
。如果Type
没有显式声明的this
参数,则结果只是Type
。this
否则,将从 中创建一个不带参数的新函数类型Type
。泛型被删除,只有最后一个重载签名被传播到新的函数类型中。
例子
function toHex(this: Number) {
return this.toString(16);
}
const fiveToHex: OmitThisParameter<typeof toHex> = toHex.bind(5);
console.log(fiveToHex());
ThisType<Type>
发布: 2.3
此实用程序不返回转换后的类型。相反,它充当上下文类型的标记this
。noImplicitThis
请注意,必须启用该标志才能使用此实用程序。
例子
type ObjectDescriptor<D, M> = {
data?: D;
methods?: M & ThisType<D & M>; // Type of 'this' in methods is D & M
};
function makeObject<D, M>(desc: ObjectDescriptor<D, M>): D & M {
let data: object = desc.data || {};
let methods: object = desc.methods || {};
return {...data, ...methods} as D & M;
}
let obj = makeObject({
data: {x: 0, y: 0},
methods: {
moveBy(dx: number, dy: number) {
this.x += dx; // Strongly typed this
this.y += dy; // Strongly typed this
},
},
});
obj.x = 10;
obj.y = 20;
obj.moveBy(5, 5);
在上面的示例中,methods
参数 to 中的对象makeObject
具有包含的上下文类型,因此对象内方法中的thisThisType<D & M>
类型为。请注意属性的类型如何同时成为推理目标和方法中类型的源。methods``{ x: number, y: number } & { moveBy(dx: number, dy: number): void }``methods``this
标记ThisType<T>
接口只是在 中声明的一个空接口lib.d.ts
。除了在对象字面量的上下文类型中被识别之外,该接口的行为就像任何空接口一样。
固有字符串操作类型
Uppercase<StringType>
Lowercase<StringType>
Capitalize<StringType>
Uncapitalize<StringType>
为了帮助围绕模板字符串文字进行字符串操作,TypeScript 包含一组可用于类型系统中的字符串操作的类型。您可以在模板文字类型文档中找到它们。